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Urban history is a field of history that examines the historical nature of cities and towns, and the process of urbanization. The approach is often multidisciplinary, crossing boundaries into fields like social history, architectural history, urban sociology, urban geography business history, and archaeology. Urbanization and industrialization were popular themes for 20th-century historians, often tied to an implicit model of modernization, or the transformation of rural traditional societies.〔Michael Frisch, "American urban history as an example of recent historiography." ''History and Theory'' (1979): 350-377. (in JSTOR )〕 The history of urbanization focuses on the processes of by which existing populations concentrate themselves in urban localities over time, and on the social, political, cultural and economic contexts of cities. Most urban scholars focus on the "metropolis," a large or especially important city.〔Derek Keene, "Ideas of the metropolis," ''Historical Research'' (2011) 84#225 pp 379-398.〕 There is much less attention to small cities, towns or (until recently) to suburbs. However social historians find small cities much easier to handle because they can use census data to cover or sample the entire population. In the United States from the 1920s to the 1990s many of the most influential monographs began as one of the 140 PhD dissertations at Harvard University directed by Arthur Schlesinger, Sr. (1888-1965) or Oscar Handlin (1915-2011).〔Bruce M. Stave, ed., ''The Making of Urban History: Historiography through Oral History'' (1977) (in Google )〕 The field grew rapidly after 1970, leading one prominent scholar, Stephan Thernstrom, to note that urban history apparently deals with cities, or with city-dwellers, or with events that transpired in cities, with attitudes toward cities – which makes one wonder what is ''not'' urban history.〔Raymond A. Mohl, "The History of the American City," in William H. Cartwright and Richard L. Watson Jr. eds., ''Reinterpretation of American History and Culture'' (1973) pp 165-205 quote p 165〕 ==Comparative studies== Only a handful of studies attempt a global history of cities, notably Lewis Mumford, ''The City in History'' (1961).〔See also Paul Bairoch, ''Cities and Economic Development, From the Dawn of History to the Present'' (1988)〕 Representative comparative studies include Leonardo Benevolo, ''The European City'' (1993); Christopher R. Friedrichs, ''The Early Modern City, 1450-1750'' (1995), and James L. McClain, John M. Merriman, and Ugawa Kaoru. eds. ''Edo and Paris'' (1994) (Edo was the old name for Tokyo).〔They are reviewed in Wolfgang Reinhard, "New Contributions to Comparative Urban History," ''Journal of Early Modern History'' (1997) 1#2 pp 176-181.〕 Architectural history is its own field, but occasionally overlaps with urban history.〔See Spiro Kostof, ''The City Shaped: Urban Patterns and Meanings Through History'' (1991)〕 The political role of cities in helping state formation—and in staying independent—is the theme of Charles Tilly and W. P. Blockmans, eds., ''Cities and the Rise of States in Europe, A.D. 1000 to 1800'' (1994). Comparative elite studies—who was in power—are typified by Luisa Passerini, Dawn Lyon, Enrica Capussotti and Ioanna Laliotou, eds. ''Who Ran the Cities? City Elites and Urban Power Structures in Europe and North America, 1750-1940'' (2008) .〔See also Frederic Cople Jaher, ''The Urban Establishment: Upper Strata in Boston, New York, Charleston, Chicago, and Los Angeles'' (1982)〕 Labor activists and socialists often had national or international networks that circulated ideas and tactics.〔Shelton Stromquist, "'Thinking globally; acting locally': Municipal Labour and Socialist Activism in Comparative Perspective, 1890–1920," ''Labour History Review'' (2009) 74#3 pp 233-256〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Urban history」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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